"I draw out a family tree for three generations," says M. William Audeh, MD, a medical oncologist who works in cancer risk assessment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. And that means both branches: "Many women assume they should only be concerned about their mother's side of the family, but breast cancer risk can be inherited from either parent," says Dr. Audeh.
The breast cancer gene
Whatever you learn from your own family tree, you may decide to be tested for the BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 gene mutations. Far from every woman who gets breast cancer carries BRCA gene mutations, but those who do have one of the mutations (they’re more common to women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, for instance, and a recent study suggested that U.S. Hispanic women are also at higher than normal risk) are three to seven times more likely to get the disease than women without alterations in those genes.
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* Should I Get the BRCA Gene Test?
* What Causes Breast Cancer?
Women with a family history of breast cancer will still need to be extra vigilant.
What You Need to Know About Breast Self-Exams
You know the drill: The breast self-exam (BSE) illustrations on those pamphlets usually show a woman with one arm up over her head, pushing the fingers of her other hand across her breast—in search of a lump or some other sort of change. Your ob-gyn may have talked to you about doing this every month at home, ideally at a time when your breasts don't feel tender or swollen.
BSE controversy
The truth is, even doing regular BSEs (without regular mammograms) may not protect you. A large study conducted in China by researchers from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle made headlines in 2002 by suggesting that women who were taught to do regular BSEs didn't fare any better—or live any longer—than women who were not taught to do them. On average, they didn't find cancer any earlier. Still, many medical experts believe women should familiarize themselves with how their breasts feel.
Have you ever found a lump in a breast self-exam?
Dense breasts
BSEs can be tricky for women with dense breast tissue—which is common for younger women. "Mostly they don't know what they're feeling or are not confident," says Janet Wolter, MD, a medical oncologist and the Brian Piccolo Chair of Breast Cancer Research at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. "The breast is constructed like an orange or a grapefruit; you'll feel segments, and that's scary, but it's normal."
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* 3 Ways to Spot Breast Cancer
* How to Do a Breast Self-Exam
BSEs as you age
For premenopausal women, "the easiest day to remember to do a BSE is the first day of your cycle, when you get your period," suggests Julia A. Smith, MD, director of the NYU Cancer Institute's breast cancer screening and prevention program and director of the Lynne Cohen breast cancer preventive care program at NYU in New York City. If you feel something, wait two weeks and then do another BSE. The odds are it'll be gone—breast tissue often changes throughout the menstrual cycle, says Dr. Smith. But if the abnormality persists, you should see your doctor.
Older women generally have easier BSEs, because after menopause the tissue gets much softer: "If you put a Ping-Pong ball in there, you'd feel it right away," as Dr. Wolter puts it.
What to Do if Someone in Your Family Has Had Breast Cancer
What is the prostate?
Prostate cancer happens when cells in the prostate begin to grow out of control and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. The tumors that can spread throughout the body or invade nearby tissues are considered cancer and are called malignant tumors. Usually, prostate cancer is very slow growing. If prostate cancer has spread to your lymph nodes when it is diagnosed, it means that there is higher chance that it has spread to other areas of the body.
Am I at risk for prostate cancer?
Every man over the age of 45 is at risk for prostate cancer. Although prostate cancer can occasionally strike younger men, the risk of getting prostate cancer increases with age and more than 70% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer are over the age of 65. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer that men get in the United States behind skin cancer. It is estimated that there will be 189,000 new cases of prostate cancer and 30,200 deaths from prostate cancer in the year 2002 in the United States.
Although there are several known risk factors for getting prostate cancer, no one knows exactly why one man gets it and another doesn't. Some of the most important risk factors for prostate cancer include age, ethnicity, genetics and diet. Age is generally considered the most important risk factor for prostate cancer. The incidence of prostate cancer rises quickly after the age of 60, and the majority of men will have some form of prostate cancer after the age of 80. One of the sayings about prostate cancer is that older men (over the age of 80) die with prostate cancer not from prostate cancer.
No one knows exactly why, but prostate cancer is more common in African-American and Latino men than Caucasian men. African-American men have a 1.6 fold higher chance of getting and dying from prostate cancer than Caucasian men. Asian and Native American men have the lowest chances of getting prostate cancer.
When Asian men move to Western countries like the United States, their chances of getting prostate cancer rise. Men who live in the United States and Northern Europe have the highest rates of prostate cancer, while men who live in South America, Central America, Africa, and Asia all have much lower chances of developing prostate cancer.
There is some evidence that a man's diet may affect his risk of developing prostate cancer. The most common dietary culprit implicated in raising prostate cancer risk is a high fat diet, particularly a diet high in animal fats. Also, a few studies have suggested that a diet low in vegetables causes an increased risk of prostate cancer. Doctors and scientists aren't in full agreement as to the usefulness of eating these foods when in comes to decreasing prostate cancer risk.
A family history of prostate cancer increases a man's chances of developing the disease. This increase shows itself when a man has either a father or brothers (or both) with prostate cancer, and is even greater when his relatives develop prostate cancer at a young age.
Variations and mutations in certain genes may be responsible for some increases in prostate cancer rates in families. Men who carry mutations in genes known as BRCA1 or BRCA2 (these are genes implicated in breast and ovarian cancer in women) may have a 2 to 5 fold increase in prostate cancer risk. Men with high levels of testosterone or a hormone known as IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) seem to be at a higher risk for developing prostate cancer as well.